Eligibility Details:
Inclusion Criteria:
- Individuals between 18 and 45 years of age
- Individuals without physical disabilities or conditions/diseases that may make them
incapable of undergoing the study procedures or otherwise places them at a greater
risk of harm
- Individuals without significant past medical or surgical histories that would render
them at a greater risk of harm
- Individuals that are considered English Proficient due to the study requirements to
follow verbal commands during the ultrasound session
- Individuals that are considered active as assessed by type of activity (i.e., walking,
running, etc.) and number of hours a week performing the various activities
- Individuals able to attend all study visits at approximately the same time of day
(i.e., 8 - 12 pm)
- Individuals that are able to comprehend the study goals and procedures, and are able
to provide informed consent for participation
Exclusion Criteria:
- Individuals participating in another research study that may affect the conduct or
results of this study
- Individuals considered substantially overweight or obese via body mass index (≥ 29)
- Individuals having or exhibiting any of the following:
- surgery in the past 90 days
- previous surgery of the spleen or splenectomy, esophagus, lungs, stomach,
duodenum, or liver
- recent traumatic injury, including intracerebral hemorrhage and visceral injury
- end stage renal disease and/or uremia
- active malignancy
- previous leukemia and/or lymphoma
- human immunodeficiency virus infection or AIDS
- rheumatoid arthritis or other immune-mediated diseases (e.g. inflammatory bowel
disease)
- arrhythmias, including but not limited to, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter,
clinically significant bradycardia, ventricular arrhythmias, and A-V block
- implanted pacemaker or cardioverter/defibrillator (AICD)
- a history of stable or unstable angina, myocardial infarction, angioplasty or
coronary arterial by-pass grafting surgery
- history of stroke or TIA
- history of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and/or pulmonary embolism (PE)
- previous episodes of pancreatitis
- spinal disorders
- chronic pain syndromes
- history of thrombosis or bleeding disorders
- stage III-IV pressure ulcers
- sickle cell anemia or other anemia syndromes
- monocytosis
- thrombocytopenia
- diagnosed with fever of unknown origin (FUO)
- previously or currently implanted vagus nerve stimulator
- previously or currently implanted spinal cord stimulator
- other chronically-implanted electronic medical device
- history of seizures
- history of cancer
- Individuals who have taken any of the following medications within one week of
receiving ultrasound delivery:
- anti-coagulant (Coumadin, Xarelto)
- anti-platelet (aspirin, Plavix)
- anti-inflammatory (aspirin, NSAIDs)
- anti-hypertensive (α-methyldopa)
- epinephrine-related drugs, norepinephrine-related drugs, and drugs that stimulate
release of epinephrine and/or norepinephrine (Micronefrin, Asthmanefrin)
- immunosuppressive agents (steroids, newer immunomodulatory drugs)
- alpha and/or beta adrenoceptor blocking agents
- anti-seizure medications
- other medications, supplements, etc. that may interfere with the ultrasound
delivery or study results
- Individuals with a substance abuse (alcoholism or other) problem
- Individuals that consumed alcohol within 4 days of the baseline visit
- Individuals currently using or have used tobacco or nicotine products within the past
1 month
- Individuals currently using or have used recreational drugs within the past 1 month
- Pregnant women
- Prisoners
common.study.methods.has-drugs-no
common.study.methods.is-healthy-no
